# 4.5 Coverage radius (VLR-VLT)

In this section the Free Space Model is used to derive the attenuation on the different paths and the Victim Link and Interfering Link operate at the same frequency – 1000 MHz – co-channel interference. Figure 115 presents an illustration of the various radii (i.e. coverage radius and simulation radius) that are used in SEAMCAT and with reference to the various pairs of transmitters and receivers used for a simulation.

[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/U4WR81sjGYmWlWjD-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/U4WR81sjGYmWlWjD-image.png)

<div class="rich-media-item mediaSingleView-content-wrap image-align-start css-5mipq8" data-layout="align-start" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-node-type="mediaSingle" data-renderer-start-pos="426" data-vc="media-single" data-width="690" data-width-type="pixel" id="bkmrk--1"><div class="css-1ux1l8f"><div data-alt="" data-collection="contentId-494248" data-context-id="494248" data-file-mime-type="" data-file-name="file" data-file-size="1" data-height="741" data-id="8d836065-ac01-486d-b0b5-c42f083708b6" data-node-type="media" data-renderer-start-pos="427" data-type="file" data-width="1280"><div class="_2rko18qm _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _p12f1osq _c71l1osq _1bsb1qmm _4t3ine4n _1hlmd0i9 _1rquusvi _eg541i5c _mts3kb7n _1ntskb7n _yfmhtlke _5sb1v00u new-file-experience-wrapper" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-testid="media-card-view" id="bkmrk--2"><div class="_1reo15vq _18m915vq _2rko18qm _1e0c1txw _kqswh2mm _p12f1osq _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _c71l1osq media-file-card-view" data-cursor="pointer" data-test-media-name="111.png" data-test-progress="1" data-test-source="remote" data-test-status="complete" data-testid="media-file-card-view"><div class="_kqswstnw _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _1e0c1txw _2lx21bp4 _1bah1h6o _4cvr1h6o" data-testid="ImageRendererWrapper">![](blob:https://ecowiki.atlassian.net/75ad8e2b-116a-4b42-90a1-4dd493aa2303#media-blob-url=true&id=8d836065-ac01-486d-b0b5-c42f083708b6&collection=contentId-494248&contextId=494248&width=1280&height=741&alt=&clientId=113268fe-fe5b-4bc3-8ff3-07965dbf1d18)</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fabric-editor-block-mark fabric-editor-alignment align-center" data-align="center" id="bkmrk-figure-111%3A-illustra">**Figure 111: Illustration of the Coverage Radius and the Simulation Radius with respect to the pairs of transmitters and receivers of the victim and interfering links**</div>The distance between the <span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text"><span class="_kqswh2mm"><span class="_5pioz8co _189e1dm9 _1il9buyh _19lc184f _d0altlke" data-testid="definition-highlighter">VLT</span></span></span> and the <span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text"><span class="_kqswh2mm"><span class="_5pioz8co _189e1dm9 _1il9buyh _19lc184f _d0altlke" data-testid="definition-highlighter">VLR</span></span></span> is referred to as the **coverage radius (**[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/lbSA5AJdIlxVYd5i-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/lbSA5AJdIlxVYd5i-image.png)**)** (see ANNEX 13:**)**. In the case of mobile applications, the number of terminals that may transmit in a given cell of the network is given by:

<div class="inline-extension-renderer css-e2q2ep" id="bkmrk--3"><div data-testid="inline-image"><div class="_1e0c1nu9" role="presentation"><a class="_ymio1r31 _ypr0glyw _zcxs1o36 _mizu1v1w _1ah3dkaa _ra3xnqa1 _128mdkaa _1cvmnqa1 _4davt94y _4bfu1r31 _1hms8stv _ajmmnqa1 _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _syaz13af _1a3b1r31 _4fpr8stv _5goinqa1 _f8pj13af _9oik1r31 _1bnxglyw _jf4cnqa1 _30l313af _1nrm1r31 _c2waglyw _1iohnqa1 _9h8h12zz _10531ra0 _1ien1ra0 _n0fx1ra0 _1vhv17z1">![](blob:https://ecowiki.atlassian.net/d3d1207a-9445-4351-965b-9b5c5205fec9#media-blob-url=true&id=b958d9a5-8db8-4726-b099-50dae5bd8a55&clientId=113268fe-fe5b-4bc3-8ff3-07965dbf1d18&contextId=contentId-494248&collection=contentId-494248)</a>[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/sbD1eUt2rCB9fjE9-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/sbD1eUt2rCB9fjE9-image.png)</div></div></div> (Eq. 25)

The calculation of the coverage radius can be found in ANNEX 13:.

The cluster characterises the frequency re-use of a mobile network (see Figure 112).

[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/whRiYdJdXypypaxf-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/whRiYdJdXypypaxf-image.png)

<div class="rich-media-item mediaSingleView-content-wrap image-align-start css-5lg8a9" data-layout="align-start" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-node-type="mediaSingle" data-renderer-start-pos="994" data-vc="media-single" data-width="308" data-width-type="pixel" id="bkmrk--5"><div class="css-mz1orm"><div data-alt="" data-collection="contentId-494248" data-context-id="494248" data-file-mime-type="" data-file-name="file" data-file-size="1" data-height="281" data-id="8349e496-aae4-4e19-ac46-724e766f6734" data-node-type="media" data-renderer-start-pos="995" data-type="file" data-width="347"><div class="_2rko18qm _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _p12f1osq _c71l1osq _1bsb1qmm _4t3ine4n _1hlmd0i9 _1rquusvi _eg541i5c _mts3kb7n _1ntskb7n _yfmhtlke _5sb1v00u new-file-experience-wrapper" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-testid="media-card-view" id="bkmrk--6"><div class="_1reo15vq _18m915vq _2rko18qm _1e0c1txw _kqswh2mm _p12f1osq _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _c71l1osq media-file-card-view" data-cursor="pointer" data-test-media-name="image2016-8-8 11:6:11.png" data-test-progress="1" data-test-source="remote" data-test-status="complete" data-testid="media-file-card-view"><div class="_kqswstnw _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _1e0c1txw _2lx21bp4 _1bah1h6o _4cvr1h6o" data-testid="ImageRendererWrapper">![](blob:https://ecowiki.atlassian.net/0af865a6-4473-4cb7-89ef-bf5071a69847#media-blob-url=true&id=8349e496-aae4-4e19-ac46-724e766f6734&collection=contentId-494248&contextId=494248&width=347&height=281&alt=&clientId=113268fe-fe5b-4bc3-8ff3-07965dbf1d18)</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fabric-editor-block-mark fabric-editor-alignment align-center" data-align="center" id="bkmrk-figure-112%3A-frequenc">**Figure 112: Frequency cluster**</div>The victim link coverage radius (i.e. centred on the victim link transmitter) may then be calculated by using the formula below. Figure 113 presents how to set-up SEAMCAT.

[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/DJuUlRiUNO9WpjLf-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/DJuUlRiUNO9WpjLf-image.png)

<div class="fabric-editor-block-mark fabric-editor-alignment align-right" data-align="end" id="bkmrk-%C2%A0%28eq.-26%29"> (Eq. 26)</div>[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/p0QT5Yzfr0ELqceG-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/p0QT5Yzfr0ELqceG-image.png)

<div class="rich-media-item mediaSingleView-content-wrap image-align-start css-3pljh7" data-layout="align-start" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-node-type="mediaSingle" data-renderer-start-pos="1224" data-vc="media-single" data-width="541" data-width-type="pixel" id="bkmrk-figure-113%3A-calculat"><div class="css-2wx5eq"><div data-alt="" data-collection="contentId-494248" data-context-id="494248" data-file-mime-type="" data-file-name="file" data-file-size="1" data-height="381" data-id="ffde508d-bb0f-4836-844c-8bafe05ade6f" data-node-type="media" data-renderer-start-pos="1225" data-type="file" data-width="825"><div class="_2rko18qm _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _p12f1osq _c71l1osq _1bsb1qmm _4t3ine4n _1hlmd0i9 _1rquusvi _eg541i5c _mts3kb7n _1ntskb7n _yfmhtlke _5sb1v00u new-file-experience-wrapper" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-testid="media-card-view" id="bkmrk-figure-113%3A-calculat-1"><div class="_1reo15vq _18m915vq _2rko18qm _1e0c1txw _kqswh2mm _p12f1osq _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _c71l1osq media-file-card-view" data-cursor="pointer" data-test-media-name="113.png" data-test-progress="1" data-test-source="remote" data-test-status="complete" data-testid="media-file-card-view"><div class="_kqswstnw _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _1e0c1txw _2lx21bp4 _1bah1h6o _4cvr1h6o align-center" data-testid="ImageRendererWrapper">![](blob:https://ecowiki.atlassian.net/fb5a5a7c-5343-47c8-a044-3505e255a35e#media-blob-url=true&id=ffde508d-bb0f-4836-844c-8bafe05ade6f&collection=contentId-494248&contextId=494248&width=825&height=381&alt=&clientId=113268fe-fe5b-4bc3-8ff3-07965dbf1d18)**Figure 113: Calculation of the victim link coverage radius**</div></div></div></div></div></div>(Eq. 27)

[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/fhCijQoGISQpTgM7-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/fhCijQoGISQpTgM7-image.png)

<div class="rich-media-item mediaSingleView-content-wrap image-align-end css-1fwek77" data-layout="align-end" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-node-type="mediaSingle" data-renderer-start-pos="1300" data-vc="media-single" data-width="221" data-width-type="pixel" id="bkmrk--10"><div class="css-1f24sjw"><div data-alt="" data-collection="contentId-494248" data-context-id="494248" data-file-mime-type="" data-file-name="file" data-file-size="1" data-height="65" data-id="5a2f940a-587a-42e9-ad98-2b6b7f2b668d" data-node-type="media" data-renderer-start-pos="1301" data-type="file" data-width="221"><div class="_2rko18qm _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _p12f1osq _c71l1osq _1bsb1qmm _4t3ine4n _1hlmd0i9 _1rquusvi _eg541i5c _mts3kb7n _1ntskb7n _yfmhtlke _5sb1v00u new-file-experience-wrapper" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-testid="media-card-view" id="bkmrk--11"><div class="_1reo15vq _18m915vq _2rko18qm _1e0c1txw _kqswh2mm _p12f1osq _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _c71l1osq media-file-card-view" data-cursor="pointer" data-test-media-name="image2016-8-8 11:7:18.png" data-test-progress="1" data-test-source="remote" data-test-status="complete" data-testid="media-file-card-view"><div class="_kqswstnw _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _1e0c1txw _2lx21bp4 _1bah1h6o _4cvr1h6o" data-testid="ImageRendererWrapper">![](blob:https://ecowiki.atlassian.net/ee2e2b79-a54f-45fe-9cf1-37005cbff27b#media-blob-url=true&id=5a2f940a-587a-42e9-ad98-2b6b7f2b668d&collection=contentId-494248&contextId=494248&width=221&height=65&alt=&clientId=113268fe-fe5b-4bc3-8ff3-07965dbf1d18)</div></div></div></div></div></div>Figure 115 presents the results of the dRSS vector and the results in the coverage radius of the victim link.

The dRSS for a receiver located at the edge of the coverage area may be calculated:

 *dRSS = 30 (dBm) + 9 + 9 - (32.5 + 10 log(1.43^2) + 20 log(1000)) = -47.5 dBm*

[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/vS1j6ax2beFdaJzk-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/vS1j6ax2beFdaJzk-image.png)

<div class="rich-media-item mediaSingleView-content-wrap image-align-start css-1fcvn4m" data-layout="align-start" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-node-type="mediaSingle" data-renderer-start-pos="1626" data-vc="media-single" data-width="463" data-width-type="pixel" id="bkmrk-figure-114%3A-resultin"><div class="css-lxubws"><div data-alt="" data-collection="contentId-494248" data-context-id="494248" data-file-mime-type="" data-file-name="file" data-file-size="1" data-height="475" data-id="68e35531-b80c-4a23-b4e0-3f6a79230bce" data-node-type="media" data-renderer-start-pos="1627" data-type="file" data-width="880"><div class="_2rko18qm _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _p12f1osq _c71l1osq _1bsb1qmm _4t3ine4n _1hlmd0i9 _1rquusvi _eg541i5c _mts3kb7n _1ntskb7n _yfmhtlke _5sb1v00u new-file-experience-wrapper" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-testid="media-card-view" id="bkmrk-figure-114%3A-resultin-1"><div class="_1reo15vq _18m915vq _2rko18qm _1e0c1txw _kqswh2mm _p12f1osq _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _c71l1osq media-file-card-view" data-cursor="pointer" data-test-media-name="114.png" data-test-progress="1" data-test-source="remote" data-test-status="complete" data-testid="media-file-card-view"><div class="_kqswstnw _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _1e0c1txw _2lx21bp4 _1bah1h6o _4cvr1h6o align-center" data-testid="ImageRendererWrapper">![](blob:https://ecowiki.atlassian.net/ec7f65d1-ea6e-4daf-9481-89d63cf889b8#media-blob-url=true&id=68e35531-b80c-4a23-b4e0-3f6a79230bce&collection=contentId-494248&contextId=494248&width=880&height=475&alt=&clientId=113268fe-fe5b-4bc3-8ff3-07965dbf1d18)**Figure 114: Resulting dRSS distribution**</div></div></div></div></div></div>[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/DpFF0zTI0YyX535k-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/DpFF0zTI0YyX535k-image.png)

<div class="rich-media-item mediaSingleView-content-wrap image-align-start css-1phyoww" data-layout="align-start" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-node-type="mediaSingle" data-renderer-start-pos="1673" data-vc="media-single" data-width="535" data-width-type="pixel" id="bkmrk-figure-115%3A-calculat"><div class="css-jwoe4z"><div data-alt="" data-collection="contentId-494248" data-context-id="494248" data-file-mime-type="" data-file-name="file" data-file-size="1" data-height="118" data-id="5b572de6-b70a-4b07-831d-9710c11c2da0" data-node-type="media" data-renderer-start-pos="1674" data-type="file" data-width="535"><div class="_2rko18qm _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _p12f1osq _c71l1osq _1bsb1qmm _4t3ine4n _1hlmd0i9 _1rquusvi _eg541i5c _mts3kb7n _1ntskb7n _yfmhtlke _5sb1v00u new-file-experience-wrapper" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-testid="media-card-view" id="bkmrk-figure-115%3A-calculat-1"><div class="_1reo15vq _18m915vq _2rko18qm _1e0c1txw _kqswh2mm _p12f1osq _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _c71l1osq media-file-card-view" data-cursor="pointer" data-test-media-name="115.png" data-test-progress="1" data-test-source="remote" data-test-status="complete" data-testid="media-file-card-view"><div class="_kqswstnw _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _1e0c1txw _2lx21bp4 _1bah1h6o _4cvr1h6o align-center" data-testid="ImageRendererWrapper">**Figure 115: Calculation results of the victim link coverage radius**</div></div></div></div></div></div>[![image.png](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/scaled-1680-/WpalcPn1uaLqprJi-image.png)](https://wiki.cept.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-04/WpalcPn1uaLqprJi-image.png)

<div class="rich-media-item mediaSingleView-content-wrap image-align-start css-16x8pmx" data-layout="align-start" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-node-type="mediaSingle" data-renderer-start-pos="1747" data-vc="media-single" data-width="286" data-width-type="pixel" id="bkmrk-figure-116%3A-illustra"><div class="css-1yb6whr"><div data-alt="" data-collection="contentId-494248" data-context-id="494248" data-file-mime-type="" data-file-name="file" data-file-size="1" data-height="239" data-id="5ee814fb-3566-4818-b341-6ef1c3160286" data-node-type="media" data-renderer-start-pos="1748" data-type="file" data-width="286"><div class="_2rko18qm _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _p12f1osq _c71l1osq _1bsb1qmm _4t3ine4n _1hlmd0i9 _1rquusvi _eg541i5c _mts3kb7n _1ntskb7n _yfmhtlke _5sb1v00u new-file-experience-wrapper" data-media-vc-wrapper="true" data-testid="media-card-view" id="bkmrk-figure-116%3A-illustra-1"><div class="_1reo15vq _18m915vq _2rko18qm _1e0c1txw _kqswh2mm _p12f1osq _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _c71l1osq media-file-card-view" data-cursor="pointer" data-test-media-name="image2016-8-8 11:9:22.png" data-test-progress="1" data-test-source="remote" data-test-status="complete" data-testid="media-file-card-view"><div class="_kqswstnw _1bsb1osq _4t3i1osq _1e0c1txw _2lx21bp4 _1bah1h6o _4cvr1h6o align-center" data-testid="ImageRendererWrapper">![](blob:https://ecowiki.atlassian.net/97df4232-b7b9-406f-a773-5cbb4fd49757#media-blob-url=true&id=5ee814fb-3566-4818-b341-6ef1c3160286&collection=contentId-494248&contextId=494248&width=286&height=239&alt=&clientId=113268fe-fe5b-4bc3-8ff3-07965dbf1d18)**Figure 116: Illustration of the <span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text">VLR</span> and <span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text">VLT</span> positioning based on the traffic limited network coverage radius (<span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text"><span class="_kqswh2mm"><span class="_5pioz8co _189e1dm9 _1il9buyh _19lc184f _d0altlke" data-testid="definition-highlighter">ILT</span></span></span>-red, <span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text"><span class="_kqswh2mm"><span class="_5pioz8co _189e1dm9 _1il9buyh _19lc184f _d0altlke" data-testid="definition-highlighter">ILR</span></span></span>-green, <span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text">VLR</span>-yellow, <span data-highlighted="true" data-vc="highlighted-text">VLT</span>-blue)**</div></div></div></div></div></div>